Study of Liver Transplant-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: To compose Nursing research proposition. You can pick the subject. Right now I am working in the liver transplant ICU. Answer: Exploration title A phenomenological study investigating the experience of liver transplant patients in emergency unit Foundation Experience and perspectives of patients experiencing mediations in the emergency unit have been the focal point of exploration for quite a while. Studies have featured that patients experiencing liver transplant experience both positive and negative episodes since the enthusiastic and mental effect of the transplantation are noteworthy. Further, encounters of liver transplant patients may be particular. This infers the confirmation of the patient to the ICU is the underlying advance towards recuperation from the wellbeing confusion in the wake of living in a time of sickness (Wallia, et al. 2016). The information on medical caretakers about patient experience adds to a superior comprehension of medicinal services forms. In spite of the fact that a pool of studies has been done on liver transplant patients for completing an appraisal of utilitarian recuperation, work restoration, and personal satisfaction, there is a shortage of studies featuring the experience of the patients in ICU (Adams et al. 2014). Motivation behind investigation Against the setting of the hole in existing writing an exploration is to be completed that would feature the perspectives and sentiments of patients experiencing a liver transplant in ICU. The point of the examination is have an itemized portrayal of the experience of patients experiencing a liver transplant in the ICU. A subjective report is to be held that would be appropriate for tending to the exploration question in arrangement with the examination point. The investigation would be admirable since based on the examination results medical caretakers can consider getting changes the way where care is conveyed to liver transplant patients in ICU. The point of such an adjustment practically speaking would be centered around better fulfillment and wellbeing results of patients. Exploration question The proposed exploration would be done with the concerning the examination question of What are the encounters of patients experiencing a liver transplant in ICU? Study plan and structure The proposed examination would be subjective in nature since such technique gives the most ideal method of investigating the emotions and encounters of study respondents (Nieswiadomy and Bailey 2017). A phenomenological study configuration would be proper since Houser (2016) contended that phenomenological strategies license extraction of top to bottom information on the pith of patient encounters and encoding of basic implications. 25 patients who have experienced a liver transplant in the previous a half year in one 250 had relations with private clinic in Singapore would be the examination members. Information assortment is to be done over a time of 2 months with the assistance of top to bottom, centered meetings. Every up-and-comer is to be welcomed for participating in the investigation, and educated agree is to be taken preceding the exploration. Patients are to be educated that secrecy and namelessness would be saved. The meeting would have open, unstructured, nonleading quest ions that would empower and rouse the members to communicate their emotions and thoughts. The meetings would be audiotaped and would be fo one-hour length roughly. To follow the phenomenological technique in a thorough way, the analysts would section past information about the wonders so as to evade impact on the data gave by the interviewees. Two people would go about as the questioners. The entire setting would be at any ideal spot referenced by the patients. The chronicles are later to be translated verbatim. Information examination would think about topical information translation. In view of the examination results appropriate derivations are to be drawn (Parahoo 2014). References Adams, J.A., Anderson, R.A., Docherty, S.L., Tulsky, J.A., Steinhauser, K.E. also, Bailey, D.E., 2014. Nursing methodologies to help relatives of ICU patients at high danger of dying.Heart Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care,43(5), pp.406-415. Houser, J., 2016.Nursing exploration: Reading, utilizing and making proof. Jones Bartlett Learning. Nieswiadomy, R.M. what's more, Bailey, C., 2017.Foundations of nursing research. Pearson. Parahoo, K., 2014. Nursing research: standards, procedure and issues. Palgrave Macmillan. Wallia, A., Schmidt, K., Oakes, D.J., Pollack, T., Welsh, N., Kling-Colson, S., Gupta, S., Fulkerson, C., Aleppo, G., Parikh, N. what's more, Levitsky, J., 2016. Glycemic Control Reduces Infections in PostLiver Transplant Patients: Results of a Prospective, Randomized Study.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism,102(2), pp.451-459.

Invent Your Own Technology :: Process Essays

Design Your Own Technology â€Å"The first composing innovation was thinking of itself (39 Baron).† - Dennis Baron, From Pencils to Pixels Re-acquainting myself with an undertaking that I have exploited as long as I can remember demonstrated both baffling and tedious. Composing has consistently been finished with in any event a pencil hasn’t it? Clearly not, and I understood that as I set out to â€Å"create† a non-mechanical approach to compose. The better approach for composing I made, albeit powerful, took significantly longer than I had foreseen. Thinking about a thought for this venture was simple; it was placing that theoretical idea into solid structure that demonstrated troublesome. Equipped with good motives I set out to make a venture comparable to Egyptian hieroglyphics cut on the highest points of pyramids. I before long understood that I set my objectives a piece to high so I started scratching a couple of words into a bit of tree rind with a stone. At the point when that demonstrated not as fascinating as I needed, and positively not as tastefully satisfying, I moved to design B: making my ow n ink by bubbling grape chimes. The ink was a profound shade of purple (and possessed a scent like wine); I was certain it would compose simply like ink from a pen and I would have a delightful task. Anyway my self image showed signs of improvement of me. As it turned out the aged ink would not compose on my bark surface. Rather it retained into the bark gone forever. I moved to design C. Making a smoother surface for my magnificent ink by blending flour and water and spreading it over the bark-again fruitless. Plan D: stay with the flour and water blend however cut into the surface, similar to earth, before it solidifies totally. (I had totally abandoned the ink.) Success! I had at last made another approach to compose. In a little more than three hours I had a ten-word record. It wasn’t significant; it wasn’t lovely; however it was absolutely changeless. My creation woke up. Through this creating procedure I was not just ready to make another composing innovation, yet I likewise mastered something truly important about myself-I have shockingly little patients.

12 Excuses for Missing Work

12 Excuses for Missing Work Every once in a while, you might need to take time off from work. However, you might not always have the best reasons for doing it.Sometimes you’re looking for another job to escape the mindless grind at your current job, while other times you just can’t face your colleagues that day due to a broken heart or too much champagne the previous night. You can’t necessarily tell these to your boss so an excuse is the only solution.But excuses come in all shapes and sizes â€" you need to know which one to use to ensure you don’t end up hurting your career. In this post, we’ll look at 12 excuses for missing work. We’ll be exploring:Four good and common excuses,four bad and problematic excuses, andfour of the outright ugly and funny excuses.And finally, we’ll go over the steps to coming up with an excuse and pulling it off â€" no matter what the reason for slacking is! THE GOOD AND COMMON EXCUSES FOR MISSING WORKExcuses are always, well, excuses but it doesn’t mean they are inherently bad. There are good reasons for skipping work and they aren’t always down to you being mischievous.So, what is a good excuse? The common denominators for a good and common excuse are:They have honesty in them. Now, you might not have flu that would keep you from working but you can still be sick. An excuse doesn’t have to be void of truth and as you’ll see below, there are plenty of valid reasons for staying home.They are believable. Even when you are making an outright excuse for not showing up and lying a little more than you might want to, a good excuse is still believable. Your boss is more likely to buy your excuse and accept it at face value if it doesn’t sound like something from a Hollywood blockbuster.If you want to use a good excuse for missing your work, these four subject areas would be worth exploring:1. Sickness/doctor’s appointmentJust tell your boss you’re sick. You most often don’t have to start producing doctor’s notices for one-day off work â€" although check the policy for this if you’re actually not sick! Telling your boss you have an upset stomach or temperature as high as a hot oven will be sufficient and believable. It’s a bit lame but definitely believable reason to stay home.2. House emergencyA broken boiler or a flooded bathroom can also work as an excuse. Things break down all the time and it’s not safe to leave a sparking fridge unattended â€" your boss will have to understand that. You can easily claim to have a house emergency and expect your boss to be nice about it.3. Family emergencyIf you have children, then you can usually get away with telling there’s a family emergency and you have to deal with it. Children getting sick or requiring extra attention can work â€" even if you don’t actually need to stay at home with them every time.You can also excuse yourself from work if your paren ts or spouse have had a serious health problem. However, you definitely don’t want to start lying too much here or draw in your cousins to the lies â€" remember to have some honesty and believability for the excuse to be good.4. Delivery of a major purchaseMajor deliveries require someone to be home to accept them. Fridges, furniture and the like can’t be left on the side of the door and you can use these occasions as an excuse to not going to work. It’s not always possible to organize the delivery outside of your work hours anyway so it’s a believable excuse â€" even if you are actually just waiting for a book delivery! THE BAD AND PROBLEMATIC EXCUSES FOR MISSING WORKThen there are the bad excuses. Now, it’s easy to think bad excuses are always just bad lies but that’s not true. Some of the worst reasons for skipping work are the actual truths. But the truth is sometimes ugly and you’d be better off using one of the above excuses then blasting out one of the ‘truth s’ from below.So, what makes an excuse bad and problematic? The common denominators are:They are lazy. As mentioned above, you might not even be trying to come up with a believable excuse but just blur out an inconvenient truth. You won’t make your excuse stick if you’re not even trying to feel sorry for missing work â€" there are times when thinking hard for an excuse is better than just lazily coming up with something.They are hazy. Bad excuses are also a little lacking in terms of the explanation. While you don’t want to come up with a weird storyline to pull off an excuse, you can’t make your reason leave more questions than answers.Therefore, you want to avoid these four excuses for missing work, if you want your boss to still like you:5. Someone’s deathIt’s one thing to claim your mum’s sick and needs your help, then to say she has died. In fact, there are stories of managers who’ve had an employee lose their mother or another relative twice (Yes: the same re lative has died twice).Certainly, if someone in your family has actually died, it’s not an excuse but a valid issue to talk to your boss about and ask for time off. But don’t lie about someone’s death â€" that’s just horrible and wrong on many levels.6. Vehicle problemsThe car breaking down and not starting might have worked as an excuse in the past but right now, the answer from your boss might be “to get an Uber”. Taxi-hailing apps and the public transport are so good in almost every corner of the world that vehicle problems are not a good excuse to use.7. PartyingYou might have been partying the previous night and now you have a headache. But don’t use it as an excuse to miss going to work. After all, you always know when you have to go to work and as an adult, it’s your responsibility to plan your life accordingly. You might be thinking you’re being honest but you don’t really get a free pass to miss work just because shots were cheap after midnight!8. Feelin g tiredEveryone will wake up at times and feel like they are tired. Some mornings going to work just seems the last thing you want to do. But you shouldn’t use tiredness as an excuse because many people will be showing up despite feeling the same.If you find yourself constantly tired and thinking about claiming it as a reason to show up, you might want to call in sick and figure out why you’re so unhappy.THE OUTRIGHT UGLY AND FUNNY EXCUSES FOR MISSING WORKWhile the above excuses are generally rather bad, you can still get away with them. However, there are excuses real people have used but which define any sense and sensibility. These excuses are not bad in the “you’re just lazy”-kind of way, but they are so unbelievable that your boss probably won’t know how to react.These excuses for missing work are usually:Refutable. A claim your boss can simply say isn’t true. Remember that your boss has access to Google and a phone â€" they can call to check if what you’re sayi ng has actually happened.Outrageous. A claim that’s so crazy your boss might actually get angry you’re even trying it. You’re not trying to get fired, you’re just having a day off.However, if you do want to try your luck, here are four excuses for the brave:9. Aliens/ghostsYou might feel like an alien abducted you last night but it’s probably just a bad hangover. You don’t want to start excusing not showing up to work with wild stories about aliens and ghosts. It’ll just ruin your reputation at work.10. Crazy court cases/Outrageous accidentsIt’s also not the time to start making up stories about jury duty in a murder trial or a dog eating through your car tires. The crazier the story, the less likely your boss is going to believe it. You most likely won’t get a pass with a story about mixed plane tickets and connecting flights.With modern technology, mistakes like these are actually rather rare. If you’ve actually been in a freak accident, it might even be better to say you’ve pumped your car and you need to see the doctor!11. Distant relatives/friends having problemsWhile it’s OK to take time off to look after your child, spouse or parent, your boss might not enjoy you staying off work for your aunt or the neighbors cat. Unless they are really sick, you don’t want to use distant relatives or friends as an excuse. Your best friend’s unsuccessful love life is also not really a valid reason to stay home.12. New jobYou might actually be looking for a new job but telling this to your boss as a reason for not coming to work might not be the smartest of ideas. If you are honest about staying home to find a new job, you might have your boss react in an unexpected way.Well let’s just say that you might want to find that new job sooner than you think. There’s nothing wrong with having to skip work for your job hunt but you don’t want to admit it to your boss. It might be better to say you’re sick or there’s been a family emergency rather than to admit you might be changing jobs.HOW TO MAKE THE EXCUSE FOR MISSING WORKWhatever your actual reason and whatever excuses you decide to use, there are a few ways to make the excuse sound better. With these simple four steps, you can guarantee your boss doesn’t start quizzing you more about the reason and you won’t put your career in jeopardy.So, to make your excuse work, you need to:Pick a story and stick with it. You need to decide what your excuse will be and know it by heart. You can’t start doubting or thinking about what to say when you are talking to your boss. It’s a good idea to just go with your chosen story and stand by it. Naturally, it helps not to lie but to pick something close to the truth. You don’t have to reveal it all or stick to nothing but the truth but a hint of it will help.Stay confident and calm when you call your boss. You also need to stay confident when making the call or sending the e-mail (calling is better!). If your boss can se nse doubt from your voice, you might end up ruining your chances of a guilt-free day-off. If you’re actually sick, looking for a better job, or just really stressed, you shouldn’t beat yourself about it. You do deserve to have a break occasionally and you can always work harder the next day.Keep it brief and alert the employer as soon as possible. As soon as you know you won’t be showing up to work, let your boss know. It can help them sort out a replacement or divide responsibilities differently at the workplace for that day. Just because you aren’t showing to work doesn’t mean you shouldn’t try to limit the disruption. When you’re making the call keep it short. You don’t have to explain the depths of your sickness, for example. If your boss isn’t buying the reason, they’ll ask questions.Be prepared and willing to take the consequences! If you are lying through your teeth with your excuse, you need to be prepared to take the consequences. Your boss might find ou t or ask for proof of the event. It’s important to think about this before you make the phone call and ponder whether honesty is the best policy or what you’ll say if the truth comes out.THE BOTTOM LINE OF EXCUSES FOR MISSING WORKThere are all sorts of reasons for missing work. We can’t all perform like robots and show up every single day. But telling your boss you need some time at the spa is not always a good idea. Coming up with an excuse can be the only way and there are differences in what makes an excuse good and outright laughable.So, if you are thinking about taking time off to search for a new job or just lying in bed, check the above 12 excuses to find the right one for your occasion.

Relationship Between Intelligence Ad Emotion - 1462 Words

In 1990 Saloyev and Mayer’s conducted a research on the relationship between intelligence ad emotion, which led to the concept of emotional intelligence (Ozdemir, K Ozkul, A, 2016,1451) According to Saloyev and Meyer, emotional intelligence is defined as â€Å"an individual’s ability to observe the people in the environment, ability to track his own feelings and ability to impose three feelings into his actions and options† (Ozdemir, K Ozkul, A, 2016,1451) Emotional Intelligence (EI), according to Salovey and Mayer’s model depends more on the personality trait of a leader rather than intelligence. (2016) A leader is having to constantly make choices; how to spend their time, what to say to people, how to communicate ideas and visions. How is a leader supposed to know what to do when things get complicated? A leader needs to be smart, but perhaps not by only using his or her intellect. A leader uses his or her intellect and common sense to solve many pr oblems, but when he or she uses emotional intelligence the success is greater. According to Goleman, Mayer Salovey, Emotional Intelligence (EI) is confirmed as a key component for effective leadership and leaders with high EI competencies are able to identify, assess, predict as well as take control of their own emotions as well as that of their team members (Goleman 1995, Mayer Salovey, 1997, Davis, Stankov, Roberts, 1998). EI offers a set of skills a leader can learn from to achieve personal and organizationalShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence1076 Words   |  5 Pagesto answer, it is an interesting question because it suggests someone’s level of mental competence can be measured. If there is an answer to this question, it suggests that a person’s level of smartness or intelligence can be found pretty straightforwardly by a score on a measurement of intelligence such as an IQ test. 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The Devil and Tom Walker Summary and Study Guide

Washington Irving, one of early Americas greatest storytellers, was the author of such beloved works as Rip Van Winkle (1819) and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820). Another of his short stories, The Devil and Tom Walker, is not as well known, but it is definitely worth seeking out. The Devil and Tom Walker was first published in 1824 among a collection of short stories called Tales of a Traveller, which Irving wrote under pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon.  The story appropriately appeared in a section called Money-Diggers, as the tale chronicles the selfish choices of an exceptionally stingy and greedy man. Historical Context Irvings piece is a relatively early entry into the many literary works considered Faustian tales—stories depicting greed, a thirst for instant gratification, and, ultimately, a deal with the devil as the means to such selfish ends. The original legend of  Faust  dates to 16th-century Germany; Christopher Marlowe then dramatized (and popularized) it in his play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, which was first performed sometime around 1588.  Faustian tales have been a hallmark of Western culture ever since, inspiring the major themes of plays, poems,  operas, classical music, and even film and television productions. Given its dark subject matter, it is unsurprising that The Devil and Tom Walker sparked a fair amount of controversy, particularly among the religious population. Still, many consider it an exemplary piece of narrative writing and one of Irvings finest stories. In fact, Irvings piece triggered a rebirth of sorts for the Faustian tale. It is widely reported to have inspired  Stephen Vincent Benets The Devil and Daniel Webster, which appeared in The Saturday Evening Post in 1936—more than a century after Irvings story came out. Plot Summary The story opens with the tale of how  Captain Kidd, a pirate, buried some treasure in a swamp just outside Boston. It then jumps to the year 1727, when New Englander Tom Walker happened to find himself walking through this swamp. Walker, explains the narrator, was just the kind of man to jump at the prospect of a buried treasure, as he, along with his wife, was selfish to the point of destruction. While walking through the swamp,  Walker comes upon the devil, a great black man carrying an ax, whom Irving calls Old Scratch. The devil in disguise  tells Walker about the treasure, saying that he controls it but will give it to Tom for a price. Walker agrees readily, without really considering what he is expected to pay in return—his soul. The rest of the tale follows the twists and turns one might expect as a result of greed-driven decisions and deal-making with the devil. Main Characters Tom Walker Tom Walker is the protagonist of the story. He  is described as a meager miserly fellow and is probably Irvings least likable character. However, despite his many unsavory characteristics, he is memorable.  Walker is often compared to Faust/Faustus, the protagonist of the legend that has inspired countless works throughout literary history, including Marlowe, Goethe, and more. Walker's wife Walkers wife is such a minor character that her name is never given, but she can be likened to her husband in her miserly nature and volatile temper. Irving describes: Toms wife was a tall termagant, fierce of temper, loud of tongue, and strong of arm. Her voice was often heard in wordy warfare with her husband, and his face sometimes showed signs that their conflicts were not confined to words. Old Scratch Old Scratch is another name for the devil. Irving describes: It is true, he was dressed in a rude, half Indian garb, and had a red belt or sash swathed round his body, but his face was neither black nor copper color, but swarthy and dingy and begrimed with soot, as if he had been accustomed to toil among fires and forges. The actions of Old Scratch are similar to other Faustian tales in that he is the tempter who offers the protagonist riches or other gains in exchange for their soul. Major Events and Setting The Devil and Tom Walker may be a short story, but quite a bit takes place in its few pages. The events—and the locations in which they take place—really drive the overarching theme of the story: avarice and its consequences. The events of the story can be divided into two locations: Old Indian Fort Tom Walker takes a shortcut through tangled, dark, and dingy swamplands, which are so dark and uninviting that they represent hell in the story. Tom meets the devil, Old Scratch, at an abandoned Indian fort hidden away in the swamplands.Old Scratch offers Tom riches hidden by Captain  Kidd in exchange for certain conditions. The conditions are, of course, that Walker sells his soul to him. Tom initially rejects the offer, but ultimately agrees.Toms wife confronts Old Scratch. She goes into the swamplands twice, hoping that Old Scratch would make a deal with her instead of her husband. Toms wife absconds with all of the couples valuables for the second meeting, but she disappears into the swamplands and is never heard from again. Boston Bolstered by the ill-gotten riches offered by Old Scratch, Walker opens a brokers office in Boston. Walker lends money freely, but he is merciless in his dealings and ruins the lives of many borrowers, often repossessing their property.A ruined speculator asks for a debt he owes to Tom to be forgiven. Walker refuses, but the devil rides in on a horse, easily sweeps Tom up, and gallops away. Tom is never seen again. After that, all the deeds and notes in Walkers safe turn to ash, and his house mysteriously burns down. Key Quotes The legend of a man who sells his soul to the devil and its devious consequences has been retold many times, but Irvings original words truly reveal the story. Setting the scene: About the year 1727, just at the time when earthquakes were prevalent in New England and shook many tall sinners down upon their knees, there lived near this place a meager miserly fellow of the name of Tom Walker. Describing the protagonist: Tom was a hard-minded fellow, not easily daunted, and he had lived so long with a termagant wife, that he did not even fear the devil. Describing the protagonist and his wife: ...they were so miserly that they even conspired to cheat each other. Whatever the woman could lay hands on she hid away: a hen could not cackle but she was on the alert to secure the new-laid egg. Her husband was continually prying about to detect her secret hoards, and many and fierce were the conflicts that took place about what ought to have been common property. Laying out the potential moral consequences of greed: As Tom waxed old, however, he grew thoughtful. Having secured the good things of this world, he began to feel anxious about those of the next. The communitys state of mind regarding the death of Walker and his wife: The good people of Boston shook their heads and shrugged their shoulders, but had been so much accustomed to witches and goblins and tricks of the devil in all kinds of shapes from the first settlement of the colony, that they were not so much horror struck as might have been expected. Study Guide Questions Once students have had a chance to read this classic tale, test their knowledge with these study questions: What is important about the title? Had you ever heard a similar phrase before reading the story?  What are the conflicts in The Devil and Tom Walker? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you see?Who was Faust (in literary history)? How could Tom Walker be said to have made a Faustian bargain?How does greed factor into this story? Do you think the Walker familys financial situation plays a factor in their choices?  Ã‚  What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?  Compare and contrast Tom Walker with Scrooge in A Christmas Carol by  Charles Dickens.Is Tom Walker consistent in his actions? Is he a fully developed character? How? Why?  Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?  Why or why not?Discuss some of the symbols in The Devil and Tom Walker.  How are women portrayed in this story? Is the portrayal positive or negative?  Ã‚  Does the story end the wa y you expected? How did you feel about the ending? Was it fair? Why or why not?  What is the central or primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?  How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?  What supernatural or surprising events are employed by  Washington Irving? Are these happenings believable?  How do you think Irvings Christian  beliefs impacted his writing?  Ã‚  What would you trade your soul for?  Do you think Tom and his wife made the right choice?

Annotated Bibliography by Kapil Muradhia Professor Free Essays

Kapil Muradhia Professor- Danielle Cochran English-101. 600 September 16th 2012 Annotated Bibliography In 20th century, every human being on the earth is familiar with television, internet and other form of media. We can see the effect of these forms of the electronic media in our daily life. We will write a custom essay sample on Annotated Bibliography by Kapil Muradhia Professor or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is helpful to us in lot of ways. The following bibliography reveals the different aspects of electronic media. Bissel, Tom. â€Å"Extra Lives: Why Video Games Matter† † They Say I Say with Readings. Eds. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, Gerald Graff. New York: W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2012. 349-362. Tom Bissell in â€Å"Extra Lives: Why Video Games Matter† emphasize the importance of video games in our life. Tom supports his affection with the video games by telling his story with a popular video game â€Å"Fallout-3†. He also compares different modes of entertainment, like movies and novels, with video games. According to Tom, Storytelling is the most important thing for the movies, novels and video games, but video games storytelling is counterfeit. Tome states, even though the video games are frustrating sometimes but he will keep returning to this form of entertainment. Gladwell, Malcolm. â€Å"Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted† They Say I Say with Readings. Eds. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, Gerald Graff. New York: W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2012. 312-328. Print. Malcolm Gladwell in his article â€Å"Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted† explains the point that why we don’t need to tweet the revolution on social media. To prove his point, he takes the example of a Black revolution from 1960. Malcolm points out, how a revolution started by four students became huge without the help of any social media. Malcolm also believes in power of social media. Any revolution can turn into bigger size, if social media is used, according to Malcolm. Malcolm states that Facebook and Twitter are tools for keeping up with the people you would never meet or following the people you never met. Stein,Jeannine. â€Å"Watching T. V Shortens Life Span, Study Finds†. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, January 12, 2010. Web. January 18, 2010. In â€Å"watching T. V Shortens Life Span, Study Finds† Jeannine Stein reveals the fact that how watching T. V every day is shortening our life span. Australian Heart Association conducted a study on 8800 men and women and they found that eighty five percent of them, who were watching T. V for one hour every day, were patient of obesity and diabetes. Jeannine says that watching T. V for one hour every day will raise the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease by 18%. Jeannine believes that we need to spend our time in some physical activities rather than sitting in front of T. V. Johnson, Steven. † Watching T. V Makes You Smarter† They Say I Say with Readings. Eds. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, Gerald Graff. New York: W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2012. 277-294. Print. â€Å"Watching T. V. Makes You Smarter† by Steven Johnson is an idea that if we watch T. V, it will make us smarter. In order to support his idea, Steven is comparing the different television shows shown in different time period in the United States television history. Steven is trying to prove, what is good for our children and what is not. Steven believes that television is a tool of brain enhancement. Steven states that instead of keeping the kids away from violent shows or tawdry content, the real challenge for the parents should be whether a given show engages or sedates the mind. Steven believes that smart culture is not something that we force on our children, it is something we share. Stevens, Dana. † Think Outside The Idiot Box† They Say I Say with Readings. Eds. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, Gerald Graff. New York: W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2012 295-298. Print. Dana Steven’s â€Å"Thinking outside the Idiot Box† is a huge criticism of the idea that watching TV makes us smarter. Dana believes that if watching TV makes us smarter then we need to watch a lot of TV or watching TV should be the only thing to do in our life. Dana states that grown-ups should be trusted to judge their own shows. According to Dana, she would love to watch a lot of TV, if she gets paid for it. Dana thinks that the idea of considering the T. V. as tool of brain enhancement is hilarious. How to cite Annotated Bibliography by Kapil Muradhia Professor, Papers

Annotated Bibliography by Kapil Muradhia Professor Free Essays

Kapil Muradhia Professor- Danielle Cochran English-101. 600 September 16th 2012 Annotated Bibliography In 20th century, every human being on the earth is familiar with television, internet and other form of media. We can see the effect of these forms of the electronic media in our daily life. We will write a custom essay sample on Annotated Bibliography by Kapil Muradhia Professor or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is helpful to us in lot of ways. The following bibliography reveals the different aspects of electronic media. Bissel, Tom. â€Å"Extra Lives: Why Video Games Matter† † They Say I Say with Readings. Eds. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, Gerald Graff. New York: W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2012. 349-362. Tom Bissell in â€Å"Extra Lives: Why Video Games Matter† emphasize the importance of video games in our life. Tom supports his affection with the video games by telling his story with a popular video game â€Å"Fallout-3†. He also compares different modes of entertainment, like movies and novels, with video games. According to Tom, Storytelling is the most important thing for the movies, novels and video games, but video games storytelling is counterfeit. Tome states, even though the video games are frustrating sometimes but he will keep returning to this form of entertainment. Gladwell, Malcolm. â€Å"Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted† They Say I Say with Readings. Eds. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, Gerald Graff. New York: W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2012. 312-328. Print. Malcolm Gladwell in his article â€Å"Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted† explains the point that why we don’t need to tweet the revolution on social media. To prove his point, he takes the example of a Black revolution from 1960. Malcolm points out, how a revolution started by four students became huge without the help of any social media. Malcolm also believes in power of social media. Any revolution can turn into bigger size, if social media is used, according to Malcolm. Malcolm states that Facebook and Twitter are tools for keeping up with the people you would never meet or following the people you never met. Stein,Jeannine. â€Å"Watching T. V Shortens Life Span, Study Finds†. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, January 12, 2010. Web. January 18, 2010. In â€Å"watching T. V Shortens Life Span, Study Finds† Jeannine Stein reveals the fact that how watching T. V every day is shortening our life span. Australian Heart Association conducted a study on 8800 men and women and they found that eighty five percent of them, who were watching T. V for one hour every day, were patient of obesity and diabetes. Jeannine says that watching T. V for one hour every day will raise the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease by 18%. Jeannine believes that we need to spend our time in some physical activities rather than sitting in front of T. V. Johnson, Steven. † Watching T. V Makes You Smarter† They Say I Say with Readings. Eds. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, Gerald Graff. New York: W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2012. 277-294. Print. â€Å"Watching T. V. Makes You Smarter† by Steven Johnson is an idea that if we watch T. V, it will make us smarter. In order to support his idea, Steven is comparing the different television shows shown in different time period in the United States television history. Steven is trying to prove, what is good for our children and what is not. Steven believes that television is a tool of brain enhancement. Steven states that instead of keeping the kids away from violent shows or tawdry content, the real challenge for the parents should be whether a given show engages or sedates the mind. Steven believes that smart culture is not something that we force on our children, it is something we share. Stevens, Dana. † Think Outside The Idiot Box† They Say I Say with Readings. Eds. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, Gerald Graff. New York: W. W. Norton amp; Company, 2012 295-298. Print. Dana Steven’s â€Å"Thinking outside the Idiot Box† is a huge criticism of the idea that watching TV makes us smarter. Dana believes that if watching TV makes us smarter then we need to watch a lot of TV or watching TV should be the only thing to do in our life. Dana states that grown-ups should be trusted to judge their own shows. According to Dana, she would love to watch a lot of TV, if she gets paid for it. Dana thinks that the idea of considering the T. V. as tool of brain enhancement is hilarious. How to cite Annotated Bibliography by Kapil Muradhia Professor, Papers

Policy Analysis Document On Hong Kong Government-Free-Samples

Question: Evaluate a policy analysis document on a Hong Kong government's program based on the concepts and techniques covered in my lectures. Answer: Problem The issue of LTC SERVICES All RCHEs need to meet the approving essentials of SWD in giving a tasteful standard of care, paying little heed to that there is a wide disparity of size, nature of organizations and level of costs charged among private RCHEs. Reasons for such disparity are multi-faceted however happy goals have every one of the reserves of being the key components (Matsuoka et al., 2017). There is an extraordinary lack of land in Hong Kong for the progression of RCHEs and remembering that subvented RCHEs are set up in areas arranged straightforwardly holding up endowments or reason created complex given by the Government, private RCHEs are generally arranged in business or private structures which are for the most part less open however more exorbitant in rental cost. There radiates an impression of being a need to redesign the advantage nature of private RCHEs by establishing measures, for instance, capable codes and ethics of care, better direction and planning for exper ts at various levels. Evaluation The examination group likewise gathered an immense measure of data about the LTC approach and works on, including the financing mode and the administration extension and varieties, in 19 part nations of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Asian nations/economies, which gave a system of correlation with the circumstance in Hong Kong (Fu et al., 2017). A survey of existing means-test instruments in Hong Kong was led to give reference to the components that must be considered if a methods test were to be executed alongside the money related help (voucher) plot for financed RCS. Evaluation criteria Identification of a policy problem is generally accompanied by adoption of certain goals that the policy intends to accomplish. These goals are most often translated ot objectives that encompass the desired end results along with information on the target population, limitation of resources and time tables. There are several qualitative and quantitative criteria that were used to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy. These criteria were utilised for assessing the effectiveness of this policy on meeting the goals of the proposed problem. The criteria that were used for evaluation were straightforward and unambiguous. The evaluation criteria that were used in this scenario are mentioned below- Cost efficiency- It measured whether the policy is able to establish reliable investment conditions and contributes to dynamic efficiency in the long run. The cost of borrowing funds, indirect costs, capital expenditures, training, operational costs and expenditures that were directly attributable to the policy were measured. Effectiveness- This helped in determining whether the policy involved any uncertain projections that might occur in future. It also evaluated whether the policy is capable of attaining the goals. Equity- This evaluated whether the benefits and burdens of the policy was equally distributed among all people of the society. It investigated the impact of the policy on the benefits and burden on the society. Political feasibility- The acceptance of this policy to decision makers, powerful groups, and legislators was assessed. Social feasibility- It was determined whether the policy had the power of getting accepted from the public. Technical feasibility- This criterion determined if there was any technology available for implementing the policy. Interviews Face-to-confront interviews. A sum of 2183 elderly individuals matured 65 or more, and 1144 matured 45-64 were talked with up close and personal in the investigation time frame. Telephone interviews - notwithstanding the up close and personal meetings of the elderly individuals and the 'prospective old' from the different classifications specified above, it would likewise be attractive to request the perspectives of a gathering of individuals who are living in the group and are aware of individual wellbeing and home security by utilizing a telehealth framework. This gathering of individuals is utilizing an individual crisis interface benefit (PE Link) which is a 24-hour propelled correspondence framework worked by the Senior Citizen Home Safety Association (HE CHOU, 2017). Its clients can address the administrator through the fundamental unit at home by squeezing a catch and the administrator is along these lines ready to distinguish the requirements of the guest and give the essential help administrations. Policy options To meet the LTC needs of our maturing society in an economical way, the policy formulated several policy options and also evaluated their benefits and harms. These alternatives might be embraced in the mix as they are not totally unrelated. Status quo - expanding the arrangement of financed private care places at the present pace Should financed private care places be expanded at the present pace, it is likely that the sitting tight time for sponsored RCS can be kept at a specific level in the short to medium term. However, as the populace continues maturing, it is inescapable that the new supply would not have the capacity to get up to speed with the regularly developing interest (Lai, Yamamoto-Mitani, 2015). Adjusting the "double choice" plan since 2000, the Government has executed the Standardized Care Need Assessment Mechanism for Elderly Services (SCNAMES) to survey the care need of candidates for sponsored LTC benefits and to find out their qualification. Under the component, a globally perceived appraisal instrument is embraced to determine the care needs of older folks and matches them with proper administrations including "RCS just", "CCS just" or "double alternative" (Tong, 2014). Introduction of a methods test system The presentation of a methods test system would enable the Government to center its constrained assets to the individuals who are most in require and abbreviate the sitting tight rundown for financed private care puts in the more drawn out term. A mean-tried voucher plot for RCS With a view to advancing further advancement of value self-financing/private RCS and empowering shared duties among people, their families and society in meeting the LTC needs of the elderly, we have investigated the plausibility of presenting a voucher plot for RCS. Solving the problem The audit of worldwide encounters in LTC arrangement and financing uncovers that an openly subsidized, non-contributory arrangement of arrangement would, as a rule, be given on a specific premise. This is started on the way that given restricted open income, assets ought to be used in the most productive way and in this manner benefit arrangement ought to be given to those most in require (Lloyd-Sherlock, 2014). This is to be figured in acknowledgment of the low duty administration of Hong Kong which would most likely render the current freely financed, vigorously sponsored LTC conveyance display not supportable over the long haul. Universally, this particular arrangement would regularly be actualized by methods for a few systems of means-testing, to learn the failure of the freely supported administration beneficiaries to manage the costs of the administrations (Lu Ottervik, 2017). The arrangement of LTC administrations could be either in kind (administrations) or, then again in real money (endowments or voucher) or both, regardless of the method of financing. The gadget of money appropriation (or voucher) gives higher adaptability and more prominent customer decision, with the goal that the end-clients of the administrations could profit most. Universally, money endowments (or voucher) are typically given just to CCS as opposed to for RCS (Law Ng, 2018). The money related states of elderly individuals in Hong Kong have been a noteworthy worry in social arrangement definition. As uncovered in the different neighborhood thinks about, the money related status of the present partner of elderly individuals is, to a specific degree, observed to be ominous. This is inferable from a large group of variables, including, right off the bat that a considerable lot of them have not been profited by any retirement security plans, also, their low instruction and abilities h ad confined them to low-wage occupations amid their working age, thirdly, their low limit with regards to funds because of low earnings (Lum et al., 2013). Nonetheless, with the usage of the Mandatory Provident Store in 2000 and the evolving financial profile, it could be expected that the future companion of elderly individuals could be better situated monetarily to seek after a long haul retirement arranging, counting providing food for the requirement for medicinal and LTC administrations. Policy analysis The audit of global encounters in LTC arrangement and financing uncovers that an openly supported, non-contributory arrangement of arrangement would ordinarily be given on a particular premise. This is prefaced on the way that given constrained open income, assets ought to be used in the most productive way and along these lines benefit arrangement ought to bgiven to those most in require. This is to be figured in acknowledgment of the low assessment administration of Hong Kong which would likely render the current freely supported, intensely financed LTC conveyance show not manageable over the long term (Chin Phua, 2016). Universally, this specific arrangement would typically be actualized by methods for a few components of means-test, in order to find out the failure of the freely subsidized administration beneficiaries to manage the costs of the administrations. Cost benefits The money related states of elderly individuals in Hong Kong have been a noteworthy is anxious in social agreement detailing. As uncovered in different nearby examinations, the budgetary status of the present partner of elderly individuals is, to a specific degree, observed to be ominous. The cost benefits of the policy options are: Pricing of the status quo mainly aims at maintaining the industry. In this case, if policy lowers its costs from its competitors than it can face the risk of leading to the price war. The costing of CCS (community care services) is very low as they are being looked that if proper food, shelter and medication is being provided or not. The benefits are the olderly people stays well and their lifespan increases. The benefits of the means-test mechanism are good as they used to target the resources those who need help. On the other hand there are bad effects too that is they used to suffer from non-take up which is caused from social stigma and the different costs related with the claim of the policy. The cost benefits of RCS (residential care services) with respect to the elderly people who are eligible and in need of the financial support according to their means. Justification The arrangement of LTC administrations could be either in kind (administrations) or, on the other hand in real money (appropriations or voucher) or both, independent of the method of financing. The gadget of money appropriation (or voucher) gives higher adaptability and more noteworthy buyer decision, so the end-clients of the administrations could profit most. Globally, money appropriations (or voucher) are typically given just to CCS instead of for RCS (Cheng et al., 2013). Reserve in 2000 and the evolving financial profile, it could be foreseen that the future partner of elderly individuals could be better situated monetarily to seek after a long haul retirement arranging, counting cooking for the requirement for restorative and LTC administrations (Ansah et al., 2017). In this light, the Government may need to proceed with its freely subsidized method of administration arrangement for the present accomplice of monetarily generally impeded elderly individuals; yet prepare for contriving a few new methods of financing and arrangement for the future associate of elderly individuals who may likely be in a superior position for taking up contributory frameworks. References Ansah, J. P., Koh, V., Qureshi, M. A., Matchar, D. B. (2017). Modeling to Inform Long-Term Care Policy and Planning for an Aging Society. InInnovative Healthcare Systems for the 21st Century(pp. 183-224). Springer International Publishing. Cheng, S. T., Lum, T., Lam, L. C., Fung, H. H. (2013). Hong Kong: Embracing a fast aging society with limited welfare.The Gerontologist,53(4), 527-533. Chin, C. W. W., Phua, K. H. (2016). Long-term care policy: Singapores experience.Journal of aging social policy,28(2), 113-129. Fu, Y. Y., Chui, E. W. T., Kan, W. S., Ko, L. (2017). Improving primary level home and community care services for older people: The case of Hong Kong.International Journal of Social Welfare. HE, A. J., CHOU, K. L. (2017). Long-term care service needs and planning for the future: a study of middle-aged and older adults in Hong Kong.Ageing Society, 1-33. Lai, C. K. Y., Yamamoto-Mitani, N. (2015). Cross-cultural examination of long-term care services (ltc) in China, Hong Kong, and Japan: philosophies, realities, and mapping out the future. Law, V. T., Ng, C. W. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility of Long-Term Care Service Enterprises. InSustainable Health and Long-Term Care Solutions for an Aging Population(pp. 203-215). IGI Global. Lloyd-Sherlock, P. (2014). Beyond neglect: Long-term care research in low and middle income countries.International Journal of Gerontology,8(2), 66-69. Lu, S., Ottervik, M. G. (2017). 11 Transforming long-term care of the elderly in three Chinese societies.Transforming Society: Strategies for Social Development from Singapore, Asia and Around the World,91, 144. Lum, T., Chui, E., Lou, V., Lau, M. (2013). Rebalancing long term care in Hong Kong.Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging. Matsuoka, Y., Saito, M., Wada, R., Akiyama, M. (2017). RESIDENTSSTRENGTHS AND INFLUENCING FEATURES IN A SUPER-AGED SOCIAL HOUSING COMMUNITY.Innovation in Aging,1(suppl_1), 446-447. Tong, K. W. (Ed.). (2014).Community care in Hong Kong: Current practices, practice-research studies and future directions. City University of HK Press.

Macbeth Questions free essay sample

Discuss the various roles of the witches in ‘Macbeth’ with special emphasis on Coleridge’s remark that â€Å"the witches have the power of tempting those that have been tempters themselves. † What is, at the end of the play, your attitude to Macbeth? Admiration, sympathy, disgust, or any other attitude? Justify your view by referring to scenes or extracts. June 1986) Analyse the nature of kingship in ‘Macbeth’ by drawing your information from Shakespeare’s presentation of King Duncan, of Malcolm and –by contrast – of Macbeth. Macbeth is neither a loathsome nor a heroic character, but a mixture of both. Discuss. (September 1986) ‘Infirm of purpose’: in how far is this impression you receive of Macbeth justified? ‘This even-handed justice / Commends th’ingredients of our poisoned chalice / To our lips. ’ Put these lines in their proper context. Explain them and show how they come true for Macbeth. (June 1989) Banquo is dramatically as important alive as dead. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Discuss. Do you agree with the view that Macbeth is fighting a lost battle against forces beyond his control? (September 1991) ‘She should have died hereafter’. The relation between Macbeth and his wife stands as long as they have a common aim. Macbeth is too weak for the part he has chosen to play. (September 1992) ‘Life . is a tale /Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury. Signifying nothing. Does Macbeth’s nihilistic conclusion (Act V, Scene V) mean that Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’ offers a view of a meaningless world, full of horrors and suffering, without any positive moral values? Discuss the importance of the Porter Scene (Act II, Scene III). (June 1993) Assess the importance of the supernatural in ‘Macbeth’. Comment on the nature and dramatic function of the Ghost Scene. (June 1994) Describe what happens in Lady Macbeth’s ‘Sleeepwalking Scene’ at the beginning of Act V. Why is this scene so important? Describe the character of Macduff, and show how Shakespeare wins respect and approval for him. (June 1995) What would be missing if there were no witch scenes? Discuss the importance of the witches in the whole play. Analyse Macbeth’s attitude to Lady Macbeth after the murder of Duncan. Is it true that he does not need her any more? What impact does her death have on him? (September 1995) Macbeth is a very complex character. Analyse the different roles he plays according to the situations he finds himself in. ‘Unnatural deeds/ Do breed unnatural troubles. Show how the destruction of the natural order becomes one of the main themes of the play. (June 1996) Analyse the role of children in ‘Macbeth’. Shakespeare is above all writers, at least above all modern writers, the poet of Nature. Do you agree with Samuel Johnson’s assessment? (September 1996) ‘This even-handed justice / Commends th’ingredients of our poisoned chalice / To our lips. ’ Discuss the truth of this in relation to Macbeth and his wife. Discuss the salient images of health and sickness in the play and point out their relevance to the plot. June 1997) Banquo, Malcolm, Macduff and Lady Macduff. Why does Shakespeare introduce these characters? Are they really necessary? 1 Marc Weis, Lycee Classique de Diekirch Essay Questions on William Shakespeares Macbeth 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) Why does Macbeth fail? Carefully analyse the various reasons for Macbeth’s failure. (September 1998) Analyse the theme of loyalty to King and country as presented in ‘Macbeth’. Analyse the relationship between Banquo and Macbeth. (June 1998) ‘Macbeth is no common ruthless butcher’ Comment upon this statement. Macbeth is a play about crime and punishment’. Comment upon this statement. (September 1998) Discuss the influence of the witches’ prophecies on Macbeth’s decisions to murder Duncan and to have Banquo killed. 32) How significant, do you think, is Shakespeare’s use of imagery in this play? In your answer analyse two examples more extensively. (June 1999) 33) Analyse the theme of equivocation in ‘Macbeth’.

Vocabulary and Phrases Useful for Writing Business Letters

Vocabulary and Phrases Useful for Writing Business Letters This sheet focuses on core vocabulary and phrases used when writing business letters or e-mails in English. This business writing reference can be used in English for specific purposes classes as a starting point for students who need to use English on an everyday basis for written business communications. Teachers are often not equipped with the exact English terminology required in very specific trade sectors. For this reason, core vocabulary sheets go a long way in helping teachers provide adequate materials for students with English for specific purposes needs. English for Specific Purposes: Core Vocabulary Lists to act on behalf ofto agree withalways at your serviceas agreedas far as Im concernedas far as the payment is concernedas followsas per invoiceas per to the conditionsas per your requestas requestedas soon as possibleat your convenienceat your earliest convenienceat your expenseawaiting your replyto be able toto be authorized toto be characterized byto be confident into be delighted toto be held responsible forto be in arrears with paymentsto be in difficultyto be interested inon arrival of the goodson behalf ofon condition that - provided thaton deliveryon receipt of the orderon short noticeon written requestorder to be confirmedour best attentionour offer is still openoutside addressto pay the maximum attention to the matterpayable in advanceplease allow usplease send usplease send us your instructionsprices are increasingto reach the destinationto refer toto return a letter to the senderto sell at the bestto send under separate coversender addressshort-termsimilar to sample - up t o sampleto be lateto be overrun with ordersto be prepared to - to be willing to before the date we agreed uponBest regardsbody of the lettercircular letterclaim - letter of complaintto come to a decisionto come to an agreement - to reach an agreementcomplimentary closeto cope with the competitioncorrespond to the sampleto correspond withcovering letterdue to oversightenclosure - attachmentto fix an appointmentfollowing your instructionsfrom order receiptfurther to our letter - following our lettergoods listed belowgreetinghalf-priceto have the pleasure toto stop negotiationsto submit a sampleto suit the quality - to meet the qualityto take into considerationthe aim of this letterthe following itemsthe goods are available in our warehousethe goods are not similar to the samplethe goods are sold outthe goods arrived in good conditionsthe letter remained unansweredthe matter in referencethe meeting was canceledto our mutual benefitto the kind attention ofunder separate coverup to an am ount ofutmost carewe acknowledge receipt ofwe apologize again forwe apologize forwe apologize for the delaywe apologize for the mistakewe are sorry to have to we are sorry to inform youto have the power to herebyin case of needin compliance with - accordinglyin due time - in due coursein good conditionin our favorin partial paymentin reply to your letterin the absence ofto inform in due timeinside addressto let someone know in advanceletter opening - beginning of the letterletterheading - headingto look forward to looking forward to an early replylooking forward to hearing from youto make the goods availableto meet a demandto meet customers requirementsto meet the demandMessrsto notify in advance abouton advanced paymentwe have receivedwe hope well receive the goods soonwe look forward to your kind replywe must apologize forwe remain - our kindest regardswe sent youwe thank you in advancewe wish to inform you thatwe would appreciate it if you could answerwe would appreciate your rep lywith no obligation - without commitmentwith reference to - in reference to with the compliments ofwith the utmost carewith two weeks noticewithin the end of the monthwithin whichwithout delaywithout noticewould you please let us havewould you please let us knowyou orderedyou requestedyou sent usYours faithfully (GB) - Yours truly (GB)

Discrimination at workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discrimination at workplace - Essay Example Similarly, statutes that protect employers against unfair dismissal claims by sacked employees are also available. Luckily for employees who feel unfairly dismissed on medical grounds, employment law solicitors for advice and representation abound (Tamara, 2007). Cases in which employees have been fired because of their sexuality are also plentiful. Although it is easier for an employee who has worked for an employer for less than one year to be dismissed, there are still certain laid down rules and procedures that must be followed, the reasons for dismissal notwithstanding. Nonetheless, some reasons such as union activity and pregnancy offer good grounds on which an employee may claim unfair dismissal before an Employment Tribunal. In case an employer does not follow the right procedures and laws when dismissing an employee for reasons considered fair under certain employment statutes, it is advisable that the affected employee seeks legal advice. Having worked for an employer for a year and more, an employee is protected against unfair dismissal and can only be sacked on incompetence grounds or disciplinary reasons (Smith & Baker, 2010). ... Unfair Dismissal on Medical Grounds The reason Rachael should have hope is that according to many countries and their relevant employment statutes, sacking an employee on grounds of recurring illnesses or being medically unfit is considered unfair. A common case study on unfair dismissal on medical grounds occurred in the Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation (ANSTO) in June 2009. ANSTO terminated the services of an employee on the grounds of being medically unfit to return to work. Just like Rachael, this employee had a history of depression and needed lengthy sick off and leave. In fact, during a certain period, she was hospitalized for two consecutive months during which she underwent electroconvulsive therapy. Fortunately, she resumed a graduated return to work in December 2007 and only managed to resume full-time hours two months later. However, her illnesses continued to impact on her, forcing her to continue with drug therapy and ECT. Although the depressions be came less severe, ANSTO still dismissed the employee. Therefore, similar to the other case of The Royal Bank of Scotland PLC versus Morris UKEAT/0436/10/MAA, Rachael may appeal against her dismissal if she feels she has suffered health and disability discrimination unlike her colleagues in similar situations. Although several statutes protect ill employees from unfair dismissals, those ill for prolonged periods could be fairly dismissed if they are unlikely to get well and return to work in a reasonable time. The reasonability of Rachael’s dismissal would thus depend on the nature of her job and the specific difficulties encountered by her manager or organisation while

Social Studies Thematic Curriculum Design and Assessment Assignment

Social Studies Thematic Curriculum Design and Assessment - Assignment Example Therefore, it is essentially important to use a blend of resources including field trip to the environmental conservation agencies to help in gaining the real picture of what is actually taking place on the ground. At the same time, is also important to make a good use of resource persons in the teaching of this topic (United Nations Environment Programme and New Energy Finance Ltd., 2007). Last, but by no means the least, it is important to understand that every teaching and learning process ends with evaluation. So, a combination of formative and summative evaluations is carried out. When doing this, a combination of lower level, middle level and the higher level cognitive questions will be used. This will be of a great help in gauging the extent to which the lesson objectives are achieved. United Nations Environment Programme and New Energy Finance Ltd. (2007). Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing

Preparation For Providing Effective And Efficient Mentorship Nursing Essay

Preparation For Providing Effective And Efficient Mentorship Nursing Essay In preparation for this assignment searches have been conducted using the following databases: Cinahl, Pubmed and Medline search terms Learning theories, Learning styles, Mentorship and Practice Education Facilitator were used singularly or in combination. Manual searching of relevant nursing journals and publications have been performed. Articles published in English in the last 10 years were reviewed. This assignment will examine the issues and processes that need to be considered whilst facilitating and supporting a student to meet their learning outcomes in a practice placement, there will be discussion regarding the assessment strategies available as a mentor, which contribute to the overall assessment of students. Furthermore learning styles and theories will be discussed, along with the clinical setting as an environment to facilitate the learning needs required to achieve success in completing the practice placement learning outcomes. A brief overview of the clinical setting will be provided to capture the ambiance of the learning environment. The setting for this location is an Elective Orthopaedic Unit within the Northwest and in conforming to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC (2008); any names used will be pseudonyms to protect identification, confidentiality and dignity will be maintained at all times. NMC (2008) states that a mentor is a registered nurse who has completed the approved mentorship programme and meets the criteria set out in NMC (2008) standards for mentors, practice teachers and teachers. Whereas Gopee (2008) argues the term mentor is frequently used to mean trusted friend, guide and advisor. There is also identified the eight mandatory standards that must be achieved to become a mentor, the author will be referring to these standards to support learning and development in practice. To ensure the student who will be named as Lucy for the purpose of this assignment has a positive learning experience it is paramount that learning environment is supportive for Lucy and for those who work alongside her. An orientation pack and welcoming letter are provided with useful information and an introduction to the allocated mentor is provided when ever possible on attendance the first shift. Kenworthy and Nicklin (2000) support the view that the more comfortable and welcome a student feels within the working environment, the more likely it is that effective learning will take place which is a key factor in successful learning. Pearcy and Elliot (2004) found that students who have had negative experiences with their mentor and placements, tend to leave the course before qualifying however Beskine (2009) advocates that starting off with a positive approach promotes the students experience as well as the quality of the placement. Adhering to the mandatory standards set by the NMC (2008) Standards to Support Learning and Assessment in Practice; and in order to establish the stage of Lucys training and her learning needs and style a mutually agreed time and location is identified for the initial meeting to take place. This meeting provides the opportunity to co-ordinate off duty and to identify another team member who will be available to support Lucys learning needs in the absence of her mentor. Once Lucys learning style had been established, then negotiating the best way forward to facilitate the learning experiences relevant to the placement can take place This provides the opportunities for Lucy to meet all of the learning outcomes and needs. Direction towards self-management of learning should be encouraged to help promote professional development, and to instil the importance of responsibility and accountability. At the half way point Lucy and her mentor will have a formative assessment, evaluation of her progress this will determine any action plans or adjustments necessary to enable Lucy to meet her learning outcomes. NMC standards for mentors (2008) state that a mentor must contribute to evaluation of student learning and assessment experiences, suggesting aspects for change resulting from such evaluation. A summative assessment would usually take place when completing student documents whilst focusing on the whole of the placement. In a study by Hart and Rotem (1994) it is indicated that the qualities of a mentor are a vital factor in providing and achieving a positive and valuable learning environment; moreover the study found that stressful events for nursing students during clinical practice have shown the initial clinical experience was the most anxiety producing part of clinical experience Cahill (1996) acknowledges that the single most crucial factor in creating a positive learning environment is the relationship between staff and the student nurse; it is also discussed that a common problem that arises for a student is that they are regularly unable to work with their mentor. Many nurses and nursing students in the past found themselves to be autonomous practitioners, learning their skills within the situations they found themselves in without adequate guidance or support (Bray Nettleton, 2008). Whereas Higgins et al (2009) suggest the success of any nursing student in any program in any clinical setting is complex, enhancing the complicated nature of education and the perception of competencies whether student or mentor. This is an important concept to be sensitive to, as the process of moving forward with the knowledge and skills needs to be supported and nurtured in order to facilitate the standard of care that is safe, accountable, and competent. Honey and Mumford (1992) Identified If mentors are to teach students effectively they must be aware of different learning styles and the importance of them; furthermore Honey and Mumford explore four different styles of learning and is a variation on Kolbs learning cycle, which was originally adapted from Kolb and Fry (1975). It is thought whenever possible, it is essential to allow the students individual style of learning determine the choice of teaching. Within Kolbs model there are four different styles of learning they describe, activist, theorist, pragmatist, and reflector. They also propose that although many people can be a mixture of the four styles, they primarily have a preference for only one. However Clark (2007) suggests that labelling such as activist versus reflector has no scientific justification. Downie and Basford (2003) believe, that to identify the learning outcomes at the beginning of the placement is of great benefit to the student, knowing the stage of training that the student is currently at helps to support a student effectively within the clinical setting; moreover they suggest that most students prefer the traditional learning method described as pedagogy which is where the mentor or teacher has full responsibility for what the student learns. Andragogy is described by Knowles (1990) as adult learning where the student is motivated and applies life experiences to learning, therefore this suggests the use of andragogy teaching method would be beneficial to Lucy as she is very motivated in learning outside if the learning outcomes. When establishing Lucys learning style, formal teaching sessions were introduced to demonstrate how theory is applied in practice. A taxonomy frequently used in nursing is the framework by Benner (1984) in which there are five levels; novice, beginner, competent, proficient and expert. According to Benners stages of clinical competence, which shows the journey of a novice to an expert then Lucy appears to be an advanced beginner as signs of understanding NMC The code: standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwifes have been identified along with previous experience in other clinical areas. As required By NMC (2008) Standards to Support Learning and Assessment in Practice along with fostering professional growth, the mentor encourages Lucy to reflect on her practice and empowered Lucy to be autonomous within the limitations of the supervised role, whilst being fair and accurate in the assessment of the student. Validity is the most crucial aspect of any assessment; it shows the extent to which the assessment measures and what it is expected to measure. A valid assessment is one that assesses learning outcome; it is set out to assess and not to target other outcomes that may not have been learnt adequately at that point. Reliability is also a key factor to be considered in assessments, the term reliability is used to indicate the consistency of which an assessment measures and what it is designed to measure. However Goding (1997) suggests that reliability and validity are inappropriate indicators of nursing practice and that they reduce practice to a list of objectives, which holds very little relation to the intricacy of practice. The NMC (2006) advocate that assessment is said to be reliable, if it gives similar results when used on different occasions, and with different assessors. It is suggested by Hand (2006) that continuous assessment allows the student to achieve their target through progressive goal setting. Whereas Clifford (1994) explains continual assessment of practice, implies the students performance is monitored on a daily basis during clinical practice, which would be done on a day-to-day basis. Regular meetings between Lucy and her mentor allow discussions with mutual respect to evaluate the progress she is or may not be making, enabling action plans to be implemented if necessary. According to NMC (2008) the mentor should provide the student with constructive feedback and assist them in identifying future learning needs and actions. Employing evidence-based practice, observation and communication equips the mentor with some of the necessary tools to identify the strengths and weaknesses and provide feedback; remaining objective when assessing the student to meet the required outcomes also means being objective when completing student documentation. It could be tempting when assessing Lucy to overeat her performance causing the halo effect, although by underrating her performance could cause the horn effect; this could happen if there is a clash of personalities between a student and a mentor. Krech et al (1962) document that human tendencies can influence a manager or mentors point of view causing stereotyping and the halo and horn effect Research by Watson Harris (1999) that examines support of students in practice placement established that some student nurses are being allowed to pass clinical assessments without having demonstrated sufficient competence; the study revealed that some Practioners did not feel it was their responsibility to fail students. Moreover Duffy (2003) reports that it is inevitable that some students will not be able to meet the required level of practice and it is essential that mentors do not avoid the difficult issue of having to fail these students. Duffy (2003) identified that weak students tend to have poor interpersonal skills, are disinterested in practice learning and are frequently late, and that they also lack personal insight and the awareness of professional boundaries. Duffy goes on to recommend that early intervention is essential if mentors or the clinical team notice an issue or concern about students, time must be made to discuss the issues. There may be other factors affecting performance and these mitigating circumstances may need to be considered, however performance must meet the required standard. The NMC (2008) Standards to support learning and assessment in practice state the mentor is accountable and responsible for assessing the total performance of the student including attitude, skills and behaviour. There are fundamental individuals that can offer support and guidance to the mentor. The mentor can access support in assessing a student by way of the links to the Practice Education Facilitator (PEF), whose multidimensional role includes; according to Salvoni (2001) helping to support and enhance clinical practice and teach student nurses practical skills within the academic setting, in recognition of the theory-practice relationship. In addition to this Rowan Barber (2000) and Richards et al (2001) support the view that the PEF furthers staff in the development of their teaching and assessment skills. The PEF, University Link Lecturer and The Academic Adviser are pivotal in supporting and guiding both the mentor and the student if there have been concerns expressed in a students progress within the placement. There is a potential that a mentor could be mentoring a student who is not able to achieve within the placement, if a mentor has concerns it is essential that this concerns be acted upon in the appropriate and in a timely manner. Duffy (2003) recognised mentors do not always identify and deal with problems early enough in students placement, they find it difficult to fail a student, in order to prepare a mentor for their role and the responsibilities in failing the student it is vital that they are supported and backed up by the PEF. The NMC (2008) states mentors should manage failing students to enable them to enhance their performance and capabilities for safe and effective practice. The student should also understand their failure and the implications of this for their future. NMC (2006) states students must evaluate their placement as part of the educational audit process. Also as the named mentor you are responsible for making the final assessment and are accountable for passing or failing the student. It is inescapable that some students will not be able to achieve the required level of competence whilst in the practice placement and it is essential that mentors do not evade the difficult issue of having to fail a student. In conclusion this assignment has examined a plethora of evidence, research, reviews and studies to elicit discussions and reflection surrounding what issues and processes have to be considered whilst supporting a student in a practice placement along with comparing the range of assessment strategies accessible to mentors which, contributes to the overall assessment of students. Wilkinson (1999) argues liasing between clinicians and educationalist enhances the quality of assessment and promotes a practice based learning culture. Learning styles and learning theories have been investigated. It is important to assess each student as an individual in the context of their learning needs to strengthen the integration of theory and practice within the clinical setting likewise it is imperative that the mentor has an understanding of the learning outcomes. The mentor was able to pass Lucy in her practice placement and maintained professional boundaries throughout the experience.

The baby boomer in the midst of the economic crisis

Most of the baby boomer generation were imbibed with the stereotype perception on the facets of work, employment and success. In a typical scenario, that â€Å"best† schedule would connote that a baby boomer would go to work on a regular schedule, 8-5, working from Monday to Friday schedule. Most of the time would be spent in the office, taking a daily commute to and from the office, with some time being taken by overtime, some work to be done on the weekends, and some other tasks to be accomplished at home.Success was also easily defined, with the person attaining the highest position in the corporate ladder becoming the epitome of that standard of success (Brad Harrington, Douglas Hall 98). Many of the people, baby boomer and others, believe that the current recession is about to end and that more prosperous times are about to return are, what observers state, is sadly suffering from a near sighted view of the present economic crisis.In reality, since the peaking of the 2005 United States housing crisis, the continuing barrage of the sub-prime financial crisis in 2007,and the resulting economic slowdown in the American economy in December of the same year, its has been observed that the United States economy, and to a certain degree the global market, has entered into an era of prolonged adjustments, with expected periods of growth, but the severe economic restructuring currently being put in place is believed to continue for the next years. What is believed to be the main driver of these developments is the baby boomer generation.It is assumed that the previously mentioned financial crisis is also contributory to the current financial morass, but the imperative reasons is that what is considered as the largest demographic in the history of mankind, the baby boomer generation born after the Second World War, has overreached its spending power (Professor Rodrigue Tremblay). What is seen to be the immediate effect of this development is that there must b e a realization that the exhaustion of the spending power of the baby boomer generation is irreversible.In this regard, the solutions cannot be found overnight; the remedy will be decades of readjusting of corporate spending, reduced spending and increased savings, and liquidating massive mountains of debt. The ramifications of this development will be seen to reverberate through the entire economic structure, as seen in the downturn of the automobile industry, and the increases in the health care sector, as the baby boomer continue to age (Tremblay).What is considered as a significant public policy issue is the potential load that a society that is reaching its twilight years will place on the nation's health provider system and the government expenditures. The â€Å"2030† issue is about addressing the challenge that by that time, there will be adequate and an efficacious system will be in place in three decades time, when the elderly sector in society will be double the pre sent population. By the year 2030, it is expected that many of the baby boomer generation will be between the ages of 66 to 84 years, and they will comprise 61 million individuals.Apart from these, the number of the older baby boomers, will be more than 9 million by 2030 (James Knickman, Emily Snell). The present structure of the long term care sector is constructed around the provision of the service by private providers, which can be categorized as non-profit and some for profit outfits. When the available resources increase, the development of new services can accelerate at a faster pace. Inversely, when available resources decrease, it is also expected that the capacity of the sector will diminish.Taking the example of home health care as a point of reference, the growth in the yearly expenditure rate increase went from ten percent in the period of the 1980's reaching into the 1990's, plummeting to a negative three percent in just two years, from 1998 to 1999 (Knickman, Snell). The Congressional Budget Office (CBO), in a 1999 report, calculates that expenditures related to long term care needs was approximately $120 billion in 2000, more than half (59 percent) addressed by the private sector.The balance of the expenditures were covered by individual expenses, with the private long term sector just covering one percent of the long term health care expenditures. In the conservative estimation of the CBO, the total amount for long term health care will rise an average of 2. 6 percent above inflationary levels annually over a span of three decades, totaling more than $150 billion in 2010, close to $200 billion in 2020, and a colossal $ 230 billion by the year 2030 (Knickman, Snell). In the composition of the Federal budgetary outlay, three government dominate the bulk of Federal spending; Medicaid, Medicare and Social Security.Federal outlays for these programs in 2004 reached more than $960 billion, exclusive of receipt offsetting of Medicare premiums. In tot al, these three programs totaled more than 40 percent of the entire Federal budget. It is be noted that the Federal government is contemplating on implementing sweeping changes in the mechanism of the Social Security system. The changes in the Social Security structure is inclusive of proposals to divert a portion of their tax payments to private investment tools (United States Congressional Budget Office 9).One piece of advice that the boomers might give serious contemplation to is the fact that there exists now a need to increase levels of savings rather than increased spending. All the events the last few years have sent a clear signal to the aging sector to turn to savings and restrain spending binges; but these acts of saving on the part of the boomers would mean a decrease in the levels of consumption and reduced spending, so that they can liquidate their liabilities, and that will increase the personal net income of the boomers.But what does that spell for the economy, if the largest spending sector considers more saving and reducing their consumption? It will translate to a comprehensive deceleration in economic growth and some excruciating adjustments in broad sectors in the economy (Tremblay) . In this light, it is expected that the effects of the current financial crisis hounding the global economies will be magnified and increase in its intensity, and the magnified effects of the crisis will continue to be felt in the decades to come.The economic doldrums will not be continuous, as there will be some short lived gains and increases, but will quickly return to the state of economic stagnation. To cite an example, in the last decade, Japan suffered a period of stagnation induced by the elderly demographic buffeted the nation's economy for the entire nineties. Even to this day, Japan is still trying to finds its way out of the economic morass it suffered during that time (Tremblay). Many of the countries whose population practices a very high standard of savings patterns will be able to export much of that capital to other countries.During the baseline year for model simulations, 1997, it was seen that many industrial states were exporting more than $60 billion in net investments to some low and middle level nations, amounting to 1. 1 percent of the gross domestic product of the nations that receive these outflows of capital. In that year, only nations in East Asia region were seen to be net exporters of capital. But in the year 2015, the recipients of the outflows of the industrial nations will be the ones exporting capital, and the industrial nations currently exporting the capital will be the ones importing the capital (World Bank 40).In the years not covered by the data released by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the continued aging of the baby boomers, compounded with increasing costs related to health care, will create a significant shift in the financial situation of the Unite States. It is expected that in the nex t three decades, the population of Americans at or over the age of 65 will jump 100 percent, while the number of people that are under the age of 65 will only increase by 15 percent. What is more alarming is the rate for the increase for health care expenditures is expected to outstrip the pace of economic growth during the same period.If the costs continue at a pace of 2. 5 percent, the Federal government will increase its budgetary allocations for Medicare and Medicaid, from 4. 2 percent at present more than 11 percent by the year 2030 (Congressional 10). Budgetary allocations for Social Security is expected to increase in the next thirty years by an average of 40 percent under the operation of the present laws. The share of the allocations for Social Security will rise from the 4. 2 figure at present to at least 6 percent in 2030.By comparison, the revenue projections for Social Security is expected to be static during the period, hovering at around 5 percent of gross domestic pr oduct (GDP). All combined, these pressures will exert significant amounts of stress on the budget that growth in the economy is unlikely to fully satiate (Congressional 11). Works Cited Harrington, Brad, Hall, Douglas T. Career Management and work life integration: using self assessment to navigate contemporary careers. Los Angeles, USA: Sage Publications 2007. Knickman, James R. , Snell, Emily K. â€Å"The 2030 Problem: Caring for Aging Baby Boomers†.Health Research and Education Trust 2002 August, 37(4), pp. 849-884 Tremblay, Rodrigue. â€Å"The Great Baby-Boomers Economic Stagnation of 2007-2017†. United States Congressional Budget Office. The US Budget and Economic Outlook 2006- 2015. P. O. Box 416, Old Chelsea Station New York NY: Cosimo, Inc. 2005 World Bank. Global economic prospects and the Developing countries, Volume 13. 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC: World Bank Publications 2003.

Advanced Counselling Skills Essay

1. Understand the process of a series of counselling sessions. 1.1 Identify the stages of a series of counselling sessions. A well-structured counselling session provides an essential framework for both counsellor and client. Many authors describe the structure of a counselling work in terms of a beginning, middle phase and end Jacobs (2004). Gray (2004) likens the structure to an artist’s frame encapsulating a picture stating â€Å"Just as the frame around a picture serves to enhance and contain the material within it, so the structure erected around a counselling arrangement supports the work the participants are engaged in†. The beginning session is crucial for establishing trust, initial rapport and boundary settings. This is described in more detail in 1.2. The middle phase of the session is the working part where the exploration and the work takes place. It involves some or all of the key counselling skills. The main aims are ensuring using skills that support the client to feel secure enabling them to recognise their emotions, thought processes and behaviours and reflect on these. It gives space enabling clients to establish their own change. The ending is the third stage and is an action phase. It is result of the enhancement of the client’s self-acceptance and the associated internalising of his locus of evaluation. It contains elements of review and importantly effective closure for both client and counsellor. 1.2 Evaluate the importance of an appropriate opening of a series of sessions. The beginning of a session is important to establish trust, rapport and set boundaries. The contract occurs to help establish a  professional relationship. It includes confidentiality, time, money, complaints and client expectations of the counselling environment. Day and Sparacio (1988) describe this as â€Å"a joint understanding between the counsellor and client regarding the characteristics, conditions, procedures and parameters of counselling†. Establishing a solid professional relationship which is clearly boundaries reduces the chance of conflict in the future sessions. It empowers the client to feel secure and valued and protects the counsellor from possible issues such as over money or time keeping. Opening sessions allow for the first positive and professional impression to be made. The client may feel unsure of the process and the opening session(s) allows for trust to develop alongside the client’s willingness to open up. At the beginning the power is on the side of the counsellor due to knowledge this shifts towards the client through explanation of the process as there are no hidden agendas. 1.5 Explain the importance of working towards the ending of a series of sessions. In person centred counselling the client generally dictates the end point although a counsellor may still initiate an ‘endings’ discussion inviting the clients opinion on this. There are three areas that can be defined in preparing for an ending of sessions. Reviews and restarts and preparation for ending This is to explain to the client that although the current counselling process counselling is coming to an end it is not necessarily a cure all one-time event. It may be entered into again later in life or the client may not feel the need for future intervention. Reviewing the counselling process This is to develop and check a client’s cognitive understanding of what has transpired. Practical questions posed by Bayne (2008) could take the form of How does the client feel about the ending? What has this counselling relationship been like? What has been achieved? What has the client learned to help in the future? What might happen in the future? Unfinished business This is a chance for a client to voice questions or uncertainties that may have gone unsaid and focus on short work that still needs to be achieved. Both client and counsellor need to be able reflect on the ending for themselves, on what has been achieved, and what are their own reactions to an ending. In counselling endings may not go to plan and some clients may end sessions without notice. This could leave the counsellor feeling unsettled that the relationship has not been ended well for either of them. Clients may decide in the middle of a series of sessions the counselling is not for them because it’s not working or what it brings up is too difficult at that time. Financial or life demands may also stop the client from coming. Some clients may not realise they are ready for the ending and feel rejected by the suggestion this could come from rejections in previous life events and needs careful handling. This is similar to Egan’s (1986) model the â€Å"Three stage f ramework† which lists exploration, understanding and action in sessions. 1.3 Explain the purpose and importance of a working agreement for a series of sessions. A working agreement is important as the counselling relationship is a contract either as a private personal therapist or as part of an agency. There are guidelines and procedures from the British Association of Counselors and Physcotherapists (BACP) and the agency that need to be followed in order to protect the agency, client and counsellor. It is important that a contract is agreed and this includes practical considerations such as (money, time, location and frequency of sessions). It can also include the model and style of work that the counsellor and client wish to work within. Within the contract confidentiality is essential to help secure the client and build a sense of trust and professional relationship. This can be explaining how records are kept, supervision and permission to share certain information with G.P with or without prior consent from the client. Other practical arrangements may be such as what procedure to follow if the client or counsellor cannot make a session or how they can contact each other or holidays. It is useful to set out what will and won’t happen in counselling is so there is a baseline of understanding. This may include issues such as physical proximity and touching. It may  relate to chance meetings outside of the room and how they could be handled. It can include other sign posting and emergencies contacts if the counsellor is not available. The counsellor can explain his or her role and the expectations of this alongside the role and expectation of the clients such as time keeping and commitment to the process. It can involve the difficulty of endings and developing an agreement with the client if they chose to end the sessions early calls the c ounsellor for closure on both sides. In conclusion the counselling relationship is based on the counsellor’s ability to identify the client’s expectations and anxiety about the service. To be able to clarify the clients and counsellors ability and limitations of the relationship. Laying the foundations of the contact protects the counsellor and client physically and emotionally and reduces the chances of conflict that could derail the therapeutic relationship. For example payments could affect the power relationship between counsellor and client. Without an agreement the client is less likely to feel secure and valued by the counsellor and be more likely to not commit fully to the therapeutic process. 1.4 Explain the purpose and importance of reviewing progress with the client (assessment). Traditionally assessment is not generally emphasised in the person centred counselling approach as it disrupts the clients from focusing on themselves and working with their feelings, shifting the focus of attention from the client to the counsellor. However, given the nature of the counselling work and contract based work counsellor’s work within it is often necessary and required by an agency. I personally see assessment as key to gaining insight in to the client and building a plan of work. Counselling is a contractual relationship as part of this there needs to be regular review of the work being undertaken to ensure the goals or conditions established are being met and progress is being made. Assessment according to Gladding (2009) entails â€Å"the collection of information in order to identify, analyse, evaluate and address the problems, issues and circumstances of clients in the counselling relationship†. This is then used to identify potential work needed, planning interventions and evaluation clients. Assessment is a process in counselling not just a beginning and end event. Brammer (1989) writes on assessment saying â€Å"the integration of assessment information  requires a process of developing a description and explanation of the client’s problems that will be used as a basis for a therapeutic plan. The therapist is interested in linking the client presenting problems to the client personalised meaning of the problem, unique developmental history, family system interactions and formulate explanations that hypothesise about why the client has become symptomatic at this particular time† At the beginning of a series of sessions time needs to be given over to an initial assessment it can use a number or practical tools such as assessment questionnaires. This, as stated above, can help identify possible areas of work. It can inform to the counsellor that their client requires more specialist help such as complex trauma work and a referral needed. Alongside this an initial assessment may take the following structure and can look for information on: Current problems Previous counselling experience Occupation, relationship and children Medical and health Why choosing counselling now What to gain form counselling Historical information school, upbringing, memories and diversity issues Support networks Discussion on if counselling is suitable or referral made. Some counsellors add a review into the end of every session this is particularly relevant with short focused based counselling. Evaluation sheets may be used every week as part of NHS contracted work to establish progress or value added for the organisation to justify funding. Reviewing of work may be just once in the middle of a series of sessions for less focus based work as around 8 to 10 sessions. With longer open ended contract whole sessions maybe given over to reviewing. These may use formal evaluation forms such as Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation forms (CORE) or other methods such as Primary Health Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Questionnaire (PHQ-9). It may simply be a session dedicated to discussion over the clients progress overall. Evaluation or assessment, as a process, can be useful to show the client the progress they are making. It is essential to relate back to the initial question as although counselling may  have been useful, and the client feel better, but has it redressed the clients presenting problem? 1.6 Explain the importance of ensuring the environment is suitable and safe. The space in which the session takes place is important; it should be quiet, safe and above all confidential. All distractions such as mobile phones or interruptions should be minimised. It should remain consistent, comfortable and neutral in design. Both client and counsellor safety in terms of health and safety and lone working arrangements should be catered for. Green (2010) describes the importance of the room and lack of personal or religious aspects saying â€Å"the room is a kind of metaphor for what will take place between you. You the counsellor are going to be fully present, warm and available to the client but you are not going to being other aspects of yourself into the equation†. 2. be able to conduct a counselling session with a client in an ethical, effective and safe way. 2.1 Open the session, explaining the working agreement including 2.2 Develop the session using the following skills and interventions appropriate for the session and the model used. 2.3 End a session appropriately, usually the following where applicable See recording 3. Be able to reflect on the counselling session 3.1 Evaluate the effectiveness of the opening of the session This session was a continuation of previous sessions the need to open the session effectively and invite the client in still remains. In this session the contract was reviewed including the essentials of time boundaries, confidentiality, student status and ethical framework. In addition to this contract permission was sought to record the session. The contract was shorter than normal and on reflection could have been delivered slower and given invitation for the client throughout to ask questions. In the opening of the session I invited the client in and to do this briefly reflected and offered a summary of work that had taken place in the previous sessions. This was to show my attentiveness and show the client they had been heard previously and my attention was firmly on them from the outset of the session. 3.2 Justify the use of skills used during the session Attentiveness and rapport building The rapport with the client had been set in previous sessions and continued through this one. This was shown by a short summary at the beginning reflecting on topics from these previous sessions. The client was given an opportunity to bring one of these prior topics or something new to the session with the question â€Å"I was wondering which avenue you would like to go down today?† [3.45] Active listening Active listening is to show the client they are being heard. This is not only through verbal ques and reflecting but also in non-verbal ways. Throughout the session there were nonverbal examples of my attentiveness with nodding and smiling where appropriate and also the â€Å"Um† and â€Å"Okay† comments to encourage the client to continue with their story. Examples of this are at [10.52] after the client â€Å"I feel like I have to step in and get **** to see it from his perspective†. I use them â€Å"Um† instead of questioning as I sensed there was more to come from the client about this point. They start to question themselves so the nonverbal action was affective. Empathic listening Empathy is a way of being not just a professional role or communication skill it is attending to both the physical and psychological and listens to the clients view point. Empathy builds self-confidence and positive regard alongside promotes professionalism. Listening to the client and them feeling held in the session is crucial to allow them the space and security to open up. In this session there were several examples where I show the client they are being heard. This is around [13.30] minutes into the session where I ask the client â€Å"I wonder what you are left feeling?† At [16.10] I ask â€Å"Where do you see yourself?† The client throughout is focusing on their partner and their children but not on their own feelings. Effective questioning Open ended questions allow for the free flow of information, understanding the problem better and allows for rapport building. Closed questions that only elicit a yes or no elicit the opposite response of closing down the conversation. In the session there are a few open questions such as â€Å"I wonder what you mean by you know† [5.25]. This is to try and elicit what the client means in the context. Another example is â€Å"What does it feel like for you when the tensions going on?† The aim is to open up the clients feelings more at that point in their life and gain better understanding. Summarising My summary occurs 4 minutes from the end of the session. The client is made aware of this by the statement â€Å"If I could summarise†. The idea being to check the client felt heard and that there was no bits that I had missed from the session as the client should leave feeling heard and valued. The summary went over the salient points of the session allowing chance for reflection on the positives that came out of the conversation. The aim being to leave the client with a positive feeling relating to the work that have done. The client then reflects themselves back about something they have discovered about their relationship and how they may look at it differently. At the end the client is thanked and given an invitation to continue this exploration next session. Thus allowing the client time to think before the next session on what they would like to bring. This is to leave the session’s client centred. Focusing and challenging At [25.29] the client begins to bring in another aspect to the topic. Although potentially relevant there is little time to explore this topic. Focusing allowed for this session to stay on the track it I said â€Å"We only have a few minutes left of the session. Your Mum has been mentioned in several sessions but I’m wondering if we can stay focused on that moment†. By focusing the aim was to explore the feeling in more detail and not allow avoidance alongside not bringing a new topic when there was no time to fully explore this being so close to the end of a session. Immediacy There is a good example of immediacy in the session. It is important as a counsellor to not only hear what the client is saying but also be aware of their body language. At [10.42] I say to the client â€Å"You gestured with your hands that sense of balance† then I reflect on the balance between the children and partner that the client has been talking about. Working at an appropriate pace Pacing in this session was good. As a counsellor mine matched that of the clients throughout. This had already been established in the previous sessions although the contract could have been slowed down. The idea is to match the clients pace, pitch, tone and speed. A counsellor can use their own tone of pitch to slow the client down if they are running away with their story rather than taking the time to pause and think. Checking understanding with the client There were several examples of checking understanding with the client. The first occurred at [3.00] where I asked â€Å"Would you mind briefly going through†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.† This was seeking clarity of a historical event. The second occurred at [9.00] with the question â€Å"Remind me how long †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..† Although covered in a previous session it was important that the time frames being worked with were accurate. The aim being to also focus the client on the actual length of time they have been with their new partner. 3.3 Explain why other skills were not used during the session Managing silence There was no silence in the session this was due to my need to develop this skill. The spaces still feel unnatural and there were several chances where it could have been used. At [23.15] after the client responds they pose their own question â€Å"What will happen if I don’t?† I respond â€Å"Good question what will happen if you don’t†. At this moment the client should have been given time to think. Instead of this I looked to direct the conversation instead of holding the client in that moment and giving them the space. A second example was when the client comments â€Å"Why am I doing it†. I jumped in instead of leaving the space. If the silence had continued beyond the client’s reflection then I could have paraphrased this back to them to  highlight their thinking at that time. These interruptions potentially could cause the client to get nervous, stop the flow of information or feel intimidated. They could lose confidence in the proce ss and by not feeling heard could prevent communication in the future. Challenging During this session there was a very poor example of challenging where I asked the client â€Å"You’ve spoken about protecting the teenagers I was wondering if it was about protecting your relationship as well†. This was about my addenda to find out if there was a link and did not add value to the conversation at that point instead it detracted from the clients work. An example of missed challenging occurred at [6.39] the client uses the word â€Å"worried† four times in a minute. I could have challenged them on what the word worried meant to them as each of us carries our own perception. Working with diversity as it impacts on the session Within this session I sis not bring in diversity. Although working with this client there is normally an element as they are not British born and moved to the UK as an adult. So culturally in terms of relationships and family dynamics there is a possibility of needing to understand the difference. Language has in previous sessions been a barrier with needing to clarify my understanding of how Evaluate the effectiveness of closing the session This session was closed well the client was given a warning that was near the end of time with me saying â€Å"We only have a few minutes left†. They were then offered â€Å"If I could summarise†. The summary covered the main points from the session and allowed the client to affirm these. It gave opportunity to leave a positive point for the client to think upon to leave them secure after the session. It also opened up the possibility for the topic for the next session allowing them homework of reflection. The client by responding and affirming the summary gave rise to the fact they felt heard in the session. The session was within the time boundaries and the client was thanked for the session. Recognition was given to the next meeting with the client. Bibliography Brammer, L. Shostrom E and Abrego, P. (1989) Therapeutic Psychology Fundamentals in Counselling and Psychotherapy. 5th Ed. New Jersey: Prenice Hall. Bayne, R. (2008). The counsellor’s handbook. Cheltenham, U.K.: Nelson Thornes. Day, R.W and Sparacio (1988) Structuring the counselling process in Dryden (2008) Key Issues for Counselling in Action. London: SAGE Egan, G (1986) The skilled helper. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole Gray, A (2004) An introduction to the Therapeutic frame, London: Routledge Green, J and Claringbull, N. 2010 Creating the therapeutic relationship in counselling and psychotherapy. Exeter: Learning Matters Gladding, S.T (2009) Counselling: A Comprehensive profession (6th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Jacobs M (2004) Psychodynamic Counselling in Action (3rd Edition) London: Sage